Tuesday, January 31, 2017
nokia C6
nokia C6
Nokia C6 classic is a cell phone which is developed by Nokia. Nokia C6 classic is a great cell phone for internet browsing and facebook browsing. You are every time update with Nokia C6 classic phone. Nokia is most popular mobile phone company.
If you heavent purchase Nokia C6 classic phone yet, then your are missing some big. Purchase Nokia C6 classic and enjoy its new and updated features.
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Mysterious cities of Gold
Mysterious cities of Gold
First day off work in weeks. I had a lovely time doing this Mysterious Cities of Gold tribute I promised Nick months ago...its not quite finished yet but heres a wip iphone snap
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Nextup TextAloud 3 0 94 Full Patch
Nextup TextAloud 3 0 94 Full Patch
What you can do with TextAloud:
Sit back and relax while your PC reads to you
Save text to MP3 for portable audio players
Proofread your own writing
Listen to that report while you’re on the treadmill
Find help for someone with a reading disability
Create messages for your answering machine
Reduce eye strain from too much reading
Listen to information while you work on something else
Take some reading along for your daily walk or run
Turn your iPod into a tax write-off
Listen to an eBook during your commute
Study English as a Second Language
Help a senior citizen or someone with low vision
Add some spice to your PowerPoint presentations
Find a great new tool to study for exams
Listen to text read in other languages
Amuse your kids by letting your PC read stories to them
Create audio files for computer games
Prepare for a big speech by hearing your words read aloud
Features at a glance:
Single-Article and Multi-Article Mode for listening to articles one at a time, or building a playlist to listen to later.
Load articles using the Clipboard, Document Import, Hot Keys and Drag and Drop.
Support for Word, PDF and HTML documents.
Support for multiple Text-To-Speech engines, including international voices.
Support for WAV, MP3 and WMA audio files.
Proofread tool for listening to documents as you proofread.
Plugin toolbar for Internet Explorer to listen to web pages.
Whats New :
Fix problem with losing some paragraph breaks when importing epub documents.
Fix problem with split tags using option to specify split names – wasn’t working if tag placed at beginning of article.
Allow space characters to be used in split names
New TextAloud extension for Chrome
Size : 22 MB / Mirrorcreator
Download Nextup TextAloud 3.0.94 Full Patch
Password : software gratis-skw
Cara Install :- Download dan ekstrak file “Nextup TextAloud 3.0.94 Full Patch” ini.
- Instal program “Nextup TextAloud sampai proses instalasi selesai.
- Buka folder Patch dan copy pasteka file patch yang ada di dalamnya ke folder instalasi program nextup textaloud di pc anda.
- Jalankan file patch dengan cara klik kanan lalu pilih run as administrator.
- Klik patch
- Selesai
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OK thats better
OK thats better
The Buffalo Bills WON against the BUCs from Tampa. GOOD GAME!!
Its nice to have a WIN to reflect on - on Mondays...especially to start the week off here in Buffalo. We do tend to live and breath by the sports teams in town - The Bills, Bisons and Sabres.
For my week ahead:
I have 2 1/2 days left to live in this house of mine (soon to be NOT mine)...and then I will be in hotel for 3 days and from there, driving on my way to Florida to live out the rest of my life!! (or at least thats the plan)
Ill blog again once I have arrived in Florida and get the laptop plugged in...and the chocolate by my side
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Netflix App for Windows 7 Canada
Netflix App for Windows 7 Canada
Netflix App for Windows 7 Canada review
Netflix App for Windows 7 is popular with the members in US and Canada. It was first available since November, 2010.
This extended help enables Netflix members wherever Netflix can be found to relish TVprograms as well as movies on a much wider number of touch screen phones.
In addition to help for a lot more locations, members are now able to take pleasure in Netflix into their regional terminology as well as choose change audio tracks as well as subtitles. In case you’ve utilised Netflix about Microsoft windows Phone before, it is best to detect better overall performance while using updated request.
Netflix App for Windows 7 Canada download
Today Netflix has been released an updated version of the App for Windows Phone. The new variation incorporates various innovations to improve your own encounter any time savoring Netflix on your own Windows Mobile phone, however we’re particularly excited to be able to broaden Windows Mobile phone assist to Latin America, UK and Ireland.
Netflix members can go to the Windows Phone Marketplace, download the Netflix App. I hope you enjoy Netflix on your Windows Phone
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Monday, January 30, 2017
New Audi Cars Price List 2015
New Audi Cars Price List 2015
New Audi Cars Price List 2015
New Audi Cars Price - you must be very familiar with the car brand Audi. Yes, the German automotive company is already very well known to some of its flagship car products, such as Lamborghini and Ducati. Audi has always created a luxury car with a quality product that is not in doubt. In line with that, you can see the price list Audi and other luxury cars to compare it with. Yes, it is not a cheap price. However, these prices proved to be accompanied with automotive technology is not cheap. You can feel the sensation of driving tremendous fun with the output of cars Audi. The company has produced a variety of vehicles, ranging from oil-fueled vehicles to electric vehicles.
Audi name itself has a very simple meaning. Audi comes from the word "audio" in Latin means to hear. Surely you are wondering about the selection of the audio word. This is not out of the name of its founder, the August Horch. In German, Horch means hearing. Audi has the slogan "Truth in Engineering" which means that the car Audi well prepared in terms of concept and design of automotive engineering. Therefore, it is in fact not a strange thing if Audi could become the ruler of the luxury car market in the world. Although you have to pocket large enough to get it, you will be very satisfied with the ride comfort that you will feel.
Talking about the Audi logo in the form of four interrelated circles, you must be curious with a philosophy that is used behind the use of the simple logo. The logo does look simple, but when you see the logo on the product Audi car, you will immediately feel the luxury that is implicit in every product design. The four circles represent the four companies merged to strengthen the development of the automotive world is done by Audi. The public does not know much about it. It may be more known is the list price of the car Audi very interesting when juxtaposed with the technology that presented it.
The incorporation of the company was initiated with the merger of the automotive companies Dampf Kraft Wagen (DKW) in 1928. Subsequently, in the same year, the automotive company and make Rickenbacker joined Audi as the winning car technology that carries an eight-cylinder engine, six-cylinder and four-cylinder in the period the time before World War II. In 1932, the automotive company Wanderer joined and form Auto Union AG with the logo of four circles. Auto Union AG then changed to Audi Auto Union AG. With creative ideas from the four companies, Audi continues to develop automotive world by issuing Audi car which has the most advanced technology. Heres a list of the latest Audi car prices:
New Audi Cars Price List
1. Price Audi A4
Cars Audi A4 1.8 T FSI Rp. 645 million
Cars Audi A4 1.8 T FSI PI Rp. 715 million
Cars Audi A4 1.8 T FSI PI A / T IDR. 715 million
Cars Audi A4 1.8 T FSI PI A / T + Body kit + USD 19-inch rims. 785 million
Cars Audi A4 1.8 T FSI PI A / T + CBU Rp. 745 million
Cars Audi A4 2.0 T FSI PI A / T IDR. 820 million
2. Price Audi A
Cars Audi A5 2.0 T FSI (two doors) Rp. 885 million
Cars Audi A5 2.0 T FSI (4 Door) Rp. 860 million
Cars Audi A5 2.0 T FSI Couple Rp. 975 million
Cars Audi A5 Sportback 2.0 T FSI Rp. 990 million
Cars Audi A5 3.2 T FSI quattro Rp. 1,200,000,000
Audi A5 Sportback price of Rp. 885 million
3. Price Audi A6
Price Audi A6 2.0 T FSI Rp. 999 million
Price Audi A6 2.8 FSI S-Line Rp. 1.135 billion
Price Audi A6 3.0 T FSI quattro Rp. 1.475 billion
Price Audi A6 3.0 TFSI (C7) -WEF version Rp. 1,250,000,000
Price Audi A6 3.0 TFSI quattro Rp. 1.11 billion
Price Audi A6 3.0 TFSI quattro - WEF Rp. 1,250,000,000
Cars Audi A6 L 3.0 T-FSI quattro D4 Rp. 1.992 billion
Cars Audi A6 L 3.0 FSI quattro Rp. 1.992 billion
4. Price Audi A7
Cars Audi A7 3.0 T FSI quattro Luxury Rp. 1.575 billion
Cars Audi A7 Sportback 3.0 T FSI quattro Rp. 1.475 billion
5. Cars Audi A8
Cars Audi A8 3.0 T FSI quattro Rp. 2.45 billion
6. Price Audi Q3
Cars Audi Q3 2.0 T FSI quattro + panoramic Rp. 935 million
Cars Audi Q3 2.0 T FSI quattro Standard Rp. 910 million
7. Price Audi Q5
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro Rp. 950,000,000
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro (PI) Rp. 1.15 billion
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro + Pan (P) Rp. 985 million
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro S-Line Ext + Rp. 985 million
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro + SL Ext + P Rp. 1.03 billion
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro + SL Pac Rp. 1.06 billion
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro + SL Pac + P Rp. 1.105 billion
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro S-Line Int + Rp. 985 million
Cars Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI Quattro + SL Int + P Rp. 1.03 billion
8. Price Audi Q7
Cars Audi Q7 3.0 T FSI V6 Quattro Rp. 1.625 billion
Cars Audi Q7 3.0 T FSI V6 Special Package Rp. 1.725 billion
9. Price Audi R8
Audi R8 V10 price Rp. 5.2 billion
10. Price Audi TT
Cars Audi TT 2.0 T FSI Quattro Sport Rp. 1.295 billion
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Nokia Suite Download Latest Version v3 8 2016
Nokia Suite Download Latest Version v3 8 2016
To connect your pc window and Nokia mobile to transfer various software files and tools from each other Nokia Suite is one of the best and official tool of Nokia. The latest version of Nokia suite is v3.8. Nokia suite can also be used to transfer content between them.
Through Nokia suite any one can update his/ her mobile firmware/ flash file/ stock rom by using PC. It is helping to keep and save back up of your important phone data. Anyone can also get new street maps, music file synchronise, and save back up of all contacts and all photos. Nokia suite is compatible with windows xp, windows vista, windows 7, and windows 8. Nokia suite app can be installed in various multi languages.
To download nokia suite latest version v3.8 full file, just move downward of this page and click on the given downloading link. The downloading link has been brought you from the official site of Microsoft. So, it is the most authentic and legal source. Which will work 100% for you. So, download it here.
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Opera 33 Offline Installer
Opera 33 Offline Installer
Opera 33.0.1990.58 adalah peramban web dan paket perangkat lunak Internet antar-platform. Opera terdiri dari kumpulan perangkat lunak untuk Internet seperti peramban web, serta perangkat lunak untuk membaca dan mengirim surat elektronik. Opera dibuat oleh Opera Software yang bermarkas di Oslo, Norwegia. Opera dapat dijalankan di berbagai sistem operasi, termasuk Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD dan Linux. Pengguna yang memiliki keterbatasan memilih Opera karena komitmennya terbukti aksesibilitas dan kepatuhan standar. Ini juga menarik mengikuti global, yang telah dirilis pada 60 bahasa selain bahasa Inggris. Opera tidak mungkin memenangkan perang browser dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, tapi aplikasi ini masih banyak digunakan dengan menempati urutan keempat dalam kancah peramban. Banyak pengguna pertama menemukan Opera Software pada smartphone mereka. Opera Mini, browser ponsel perusahaan, terkenal karena kecepatan dan efisiensi. Fungsi JavaScript yang memungkinkan kode kustom untuk digunakan pada halaman web, menawarkan beberapa penyesuaian seperti pengguna GreaseMonkey di Firefox.
Opera Web Browser dikenal karena memiliki banyak fitur yang kemudian diadopsi oleh peramban web lainnya. Meskipun memiliki berbagai kelebihan, Opera hanya mendapat sebagian kecil pangsa pasar peramban komputer pribadi di seluruh dunia. Namun, Opera memiliki pangsa pasar yang lebih besar pada perangkat mobile seperti ponsel, ponsel pintar, dan personal digital assistant. Berbagai edisi Opera dapat digunakan untuk perangkat yang menggunakan Maemo, BlackBerry, Symbian, Windows Mobile, Android, dan sistem operasi iPhone, serta Java ME. Sekitar 120 juta ponsel telah dipasarkan dengan browser Opera di dalamnya. Opera adalah satu-satunya penjelajah web komersial yang tersedia untuk Nintendo DS dan Wii. Beberapa televisi memiliki browser Opera dalam set-top box atau kotak pengaturannya. Adobe Systems memiliki lisensi teknologi Opera untuk digunakan dalam Adobe Creative Suite.
Opera juga dirancang untuk pengguna yang memiliki gangguan visual atau motorik. Sebagai browser multimodal, juga menyediakan berbagai preferensi pribadi di dalam user interface. Hal ini memungkinkan kita untuk mengontrol hampir setiap aspek dari browser hanya dengan menggunakan keyboard, dan default shortcut keyboard dapat dimodifikasi sesuai kebutuhan pengguna. Opera adalah satu-satunya browser yang memiliki kemampuan untuk navigasi spasial, yakni berupa fitur mouse gestures. Pola gerakan-gerakan mouse memicu reaksi browser seperti "kembali" atau "refresh". Opera memiliki beberapa fitur keamanan. Salah satunya adalah pilihan untuk menghapus data pribadi, seperti dalam HTTP cookie, browsing history, dan cache. Hal ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk menghapus data pribadi setelah browsing dari komputer di tempat umum.
Opera browser hadir dalam versi Bahasa Indonesia untuk pertama kalinya dalam versi 9.6. Situs Opera juga hadir dalam bahasa Indonesia, sejak bulan Februari 2010. Selain itu, terdapat pula Komunitas Opera Indonesia. Komunitas Opera Indonesia adalah komunitas resmi dari Opera Software yang dibuat oleh sekumpulan blogger My Opera Indonesia. Di Indonesia, varian browser Opera yang paling banyak digunakan adalah Opera Mini, bahkan jumlah pengguna Opera Mini di Indonesia merupakan yang terbesar di dunia.
Opera 33 Technical:
| Title: | Download Opera 33.0.1990.58 |
| License | Freeware |
|---|---|
| Filename: | Opera_33.0.1990.58_Setup.exe |
| File size: | 33.77MB |
| Date added: | November 3, 2015 |
| Language: | Multiple language |
| Homepage | www.opera.com |
| Author: | Opera Software |
| Requirement: | Xp / Vista / Windows7 / Windows 8 [32-bit & 64-bit] |
| Download Opera 33 Offline Installer | |
| Direct Link: | Download |
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Sunday, January 29, 2017
New House is coming along
New House is coming along
as you can see on this You Tube video that my son-in-law uploaded from his phone. Amazing these new technologies...makes connecting and sharing of information so easy-peasy.
I now have roof shingles going on and windows and exterior doors.
Its been cool here in Tampa Florida these first days of January...and all my "sweaters and warm stuff" are packed in storage. I am glad Im here versus back home in Buffalo...but at least in Buffalo - I had gotten used to "layering" and had plenty of turtlenecks etc. Seeing the Bills game (Woo-hoo we won!) on Sunday versus the Colts with the Snow coming down and covering the field, brought back lots of memories (my husband and I were season ticket holders for 20 years) but also made me feel "colder" without all my winter Bills gear on...
it was only about 52 degrees for a "high" on Sunday and breezy...so the wind chill was "chillin" My dd and dsil went to the Tampa Bay Bucs game and had gloves, hats, and warm jackets on.
Heres a pic of me and the kids with their other grandma who is visiting from Texas - we went out to the Tampa Lowry Zoo to see the Christmas Lights and Zoo at night. *I have 4 layers on ;-)
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Saturday, January 28, 2017
Need For Speed 2 Full Version Free Download
Need For Speed 2 Full Version Free Download
Overview of Need For Speed 2,Hi every one, today we come to share a latest and very interesting game of Need For Speed company. So this is the first released in Need For Speed Game series. It is a new game and will remind you child hood memories. That’s why I thought that I should share to that you guyz can download Need For Speed 2 and enjoy this amazing and interesting game. Today even this game is being playing in all countries of the world. Need For Speed 2 is one of the most playing racing game. to this game. This is still very addicting game. Remember that the FZR racing car is also added in this amazing game. So ready to download this best game in few minutes and enjoy. To download Need For Speed 2 second edition, just click below link.
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Omega 3 Over Not Good For Prostate
Omega 3 Over Not Good For Prostate
Fatty acids like DHA are found in the cells of your body that fight disease. But a recent study found high levels of Omega 3 fatty acids in the blood may be associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer. While elevated levels of bad fatty acids can actually reduce the risk of suspected prostate cancer.
According to a study conducted by researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle as quoted from Epharmapedia. For the study, researchers have examined more than 3,400 men in the U.S.. The results mentioned group of people with high DHA then there is the potential for 2.5 times more likely to develop prostate cancer, compared with a group of people who have low levels of DHA.
The study also suggests that the risk of aggressive prostate cancer is 50 percent lower in men with the highest levels of bad fatty acids.
“We were surprised to see these results, and we spent lots of time to ensure that analysis is correct,” said Theodore M. Brasky of Hutchinson’s Cancer Prevention Program.
These findings change what is known so far about the diet, inflammation and progression of prostate cancer. Studying the relationship between nutrition and risk of various chronic diseases are very complex.
However, Brasky and his colleagues do not believe that someone suffering from heart disease should stop using fish oil supplements or eating salmon or other fish rich in Omega 3 fatty acids.
“Overall, the beneficial effects of eating fish to prevent heart disease is greater than the losses associated with risk of prostate cancer,” said Brasky.
“This study shows the complexity of nutrition and its impact on disease risk, and that we must learn to do with more detail.”
DHA and Omega 3 commonly found in fatty fish. In the study, the men only consume DHA and Omega 3 which is mainly derived from fish than from fish oil supplements. So we need to do more detailed research on the relationship of Omega 3 with increased risk of prostate cancer.
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Blogged with the Flock Browser
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Friday, January 27, 2017
My Talking Angela Hack Tool
My Talking Angela Hack Tool
My Talking Angela Hack Tool
My Talking Angela Hack Tool and Hack Trainer initial version is available for download now! If you are searching internet for a tool which has ability to generate diamonds for you on the game of My Talking Angela Hack Tool, then you are in the right place now! Using our My Talking Angela Hack Tool cheats hack tool, players can get infinite coins and infinite diamonds easily on the game without root or jailbreak your android or iOS system. So hurry up to download My Talking Angela Hack Tool cheats hack codes or tools for more and fast resources on My Talking Angela Hack Tool game now!
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My Talking Angela Hack Tool Generator online hack tool
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Thursday, January 26, 2017
Night city and bridge best photography
Night city and bridge best photography
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| Night City |
The second monster followed the first, and at that the artilleryman began to crawl very cautiously across the hot heather ash towards Horsell. He managed to get alive into the ditch by the side of the road, and so escaped to Woking. There his story became ejaculatory. The place was impassable. It seems there were a few people alive there, frantic for the most part and many burned and scalded. He was turned aside by the fire, and hid among some almost scorching heaps of broken wall as one of the Martian giants returned. He saw this one pursue a man, catch him up in one of its steely tentacles, and knock his head against the trunk of a pine tree. At last, after nightfall, the artilleryman made a rush for it and got over the railway embankment.
Since then he had been skulking along towards Maybury, in the hope of getting out of danger Londonward. People were hiding in trenches and cellars, and many of the survivors had made off towards Woking village and Send. He had been consumed with thirst until he found one of the water mains near the railway arch smashed, and the water bubbling out like a spring upon the road.
That was the story I got from him, bit by bit. He grew calmer telling me and trying to make me see the things he had seen. He had eaten no food since midday, he told me early in his narrative, and I found some mutton and bread in the pantry and brought it into the room. We lit no lamp for fear of attracting the Martians, and ever and again our hands would touch upon bread or meat. As he talked, things about us came darkly out of the darkness, and the trampled bushes and broken rose trees outside the window grew distinct. It would seem that a number of men or animals had rushed across the lawn. I began to see his face, blackened and haggard, as no doubt mine was also.
It seemed to me that the pit had been enlarged, and ever and again puffs of vivid green vapour streamed up and out of it towards the brightening dawn--streamed up, whirled, broke, and vanished.
Beyond were the pillars of fire about Chobham. They became pillars of bloodshot smoke at the first touch of day.
As the dawn grew brighter we withdrew from the window from which we had watched the Martians, and went very quietly downstairs.
The enormous broad tires of the chariots and the padded feet of the animals brought forth no sound from the moss-covered sea bottom; and so we moved in utter silence, like some huge phantasmagoria, except when the stillness was broken by the guttural growling of a goaded zitidar, or the squealing of fighting thoats. The green Martians converse but little, and then usually in monosyllables, low and like the faint rumbling of distant thunder.
We traversed a trackless waste of moss which, bending to the pressure of broad tire or padded foot, rose up again behind us, leaving no sign that we had passed. We might indeed have been the wraiths of the departed dead upon the dead sea of that dying planet for all the sound or sign we made in passing. It was the first march of a large body of men and animals I had ever witnessed which raised no dust and left no spoor; for there is no dust upon Mars except in the cultivated districts during the winter months, and even then the absence of high winds renders it almost unnoticeable.
We camped that night at the foot of the hills we had been approaching for two days and which marked the southern boundary of this particular sea. Our animals had been two days without drink, nor had they had water for nearly two months, not since shortly after leaving Thark; but, as Tars Tarkas explained to me, they require but little and can live almost indefinitely upon the moss which covers Barsoom, and which, he told me, holds in its tiny stems sufficient moisture to meet the limited demands of the animals.
After partaking of my evening meal of cheese-like food and vegetable milk I sought out Sola, whom I found working by the light of a torch upon some of Tars Tarkas trappings.[right-post] She looked up at my approach, her face lighting with pleasure and with welcome.
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Wednesday, January 25, 2017
Outpost Security Suite Pro 7 5 Full Version
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Odds and Ends Texture Set
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Odds and Ends Texture Set contains a wild and diverse bunch of textures in various sizes and colors. I think this set shall be of some use, so download and have some fun.
See a small sample of all 10 textures in the set below.
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Music Memos for iOS is a songwriters best friend They say the best camera is the one you have with you, but they dont usually mention anything about audio recording. "Music Memos offers so many ways of organizing my clips that Im finding myself recording more just because I can. As I progress through a song I can tag the recordings with the songs name, ensuring that a search for "Elevators" will return all of the clips I recorded for that song. Each recording also gets a name and a star rating, so I can keep everything, refer to earlier recordings if needed, and no longer rely on date-based grouping to keep it all together, or wonder which if the ten clips in the group was the one I liked most." There is also a robust tagging system, a guitar tuner, chord and tempo detection, exporting to GarageBand, and magical automatic backing instruments (Record your song the way you normally would, and the app will put drums and/or bass behind it). See http://ift.tt/1nHWbQA
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Pandangan Manusia Sebagai Insan Politik
Pandangan Manusia Sebagai Insan Politik
A. Manusia Sebagai Insan Politik
Sifat kodrat manusia adalah sebagai makhluk individu sekaligus sebagai makhluk sosial. Berkaitan dengan kehidupan politik manusia merupakan elemen pokok dalam melaksanakan efektifitas politik kenegaraan, baik sebagai pelaku maupun sebagai objek tujuan. Manusia sebagai makhluk politik, warga negara, baik sebagai pribadi maupun kelompok harus menunjukan peran aktif dalam kehidupan kenegaraan. Negara adalah suatu organisasi dan merupakan suatu sistem politik berhubungan tentang proses penentuan maupun pelaksanaan tujuan negara. Manusia sebagai insan politik sekaligus warga negara harus dapat menunjukan partisipasinya dalam kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan efektifitas politik kenegaraan.
Sesuai dengan pengertian, fungsi dari sifat negara di atas maka manusia sebagai insan politik dituntut partisipasi politiknya di dalam mewujudkan fungsi dari negara tersebut. Partisipasi politik dari manusia sebagai insan politik dalam kehidupan bernegara dapat diwujudkan dalam bentuk seperti :
Membentuk atau bergabung dalam organisasi politik atau organisasi masyarakat untuk menetukan kebijakan negara
Membentuk Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) untuk mengontrol sekaligus memberikan input (masukan) dapat menentukan kebijakan pemerintah
Mendukung terselenggaranya pelaksanaan pemilu yang demokratis yang dapat menjamin hak-hak politik rakyat, seperti memilih maupun dipilih yakni memilih anggota-anggota badan perwakilan rakyat dan pejabat pemerintah atau duduk dalam lembaga perwakilan rakyat dan menduduki jabatan pemerintahan
Membentuk kelompok-kelompok kepentingan sebagai upaya terhadap proses perumusan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan pemerintah
Jadi manusia sebagai insan politik bisa diartikan manusia selain sebagai makhluk individu sekaligus juga sebagai makhluk sosial selalu hidup berkelompok dengan manusia lain secara teratur, sistematis, dan memiliki tujuan yang jelas.
Sebagai insan politik manusia memiliki nilai-nilai yang patut dikembangkan untuk mempertahankan komunitasnya yaitu:
1. Nilai Kesatuan
Karena manusia itu adalah makhluk sosial, maka persatuan dan kesatuan harus selalu ditingkatkan, mengingat kemajemukan bangsa Indonesia.
2. Nilai Solodaritas
Untuk membina persatuan dan kesatuan, rasa kesetiakawanan harus selalu dijaga disamping harus saling percaya antara orang yang satu dengan orang yang lain.
3. Nilai Kebersamaan
Untuk dapat mencapai suatu tujuan, antara yang satu dengan yang lain harus ada kerja sama, merasa senasib sepenanggungan.
4. Nilai Organiasasi
Untuk tetap menjaga persatuan dalam suatu kelompok perlu dibentuk adanya organisasi sebagai wadah atau tempat untuk tetap berlangsungnya kerjasama antara individu yang satu dengan individu yang lain.
B. Ciri-ciri Masyarakat Politik
Aristoteles menyatakan bahwa manusia adalah zoon politicon yang diartikan bahwa manusia itu selain hidup dalam suatu pergaulan (man is social being) dan selalu berorganisasi (man is political being). Manusia selalu hidup dalam suatu pergaulan hidup sekaligus manusia itu selalu berorganisasi. Bagaimanapun sederhananya, dalam suatu pergaulan hidup manusia selalu mengadakan organisasi di dalamnya
Menurut Fritz kunkel, secara psikologis dalam diri manusia terdapat dua dorongan yang sangat dominan, yaitu dorongan untuk mengabdi kepada kepentingan dirinya sendiri dan dorongan untuk mengabdi kepada kepentingan orang banyak. Pada dorongan kedua ini jelas bahwa manusia secara fitrah memiliki kecenderungan untuk hidup mengabdi dan berkorban untuk kepentingan orang banyak maupun orang lain.
Watak manusia yang tidak memungkinkan hidup terpencil merupakan salah satu faktor terbentuknya masyarakat. Disamping itu faktor hubungan darah atau kekerabatan yang ada dalam suku akan menjadi tali pengikat yang sangat kokoh dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.
Istilah masyarakat politik biasanya dipergunakan untuk menyebut sekumpulan manusia yang beraktivitas dalam bidang politik, baik dalam tatanan praktik maupun teoristis. Akan tetapi, masih belum ada kejelasan tentang penggunaan istilah masyarakat politik dalam kehidupan bernegara.
Jika istilah masyarakat politik diartikan dalam pengertian terpisah yaitu masyarakat dan politik bisa digambarkan sebagi berikut :
Masyarakat mengandung pengertian :
Sekumpulan manusia yang secara relatif mandiri
Masyarakat yang hidup bersama-sama cukup lama
Masyarakat yang mendiami suatu wilayah tertentu
Kumpulan manusia memiliki kebudayaan yang sama
Adanya saling hubungan antara orang perorang atau lebih dengan yang lainnya
Melakukan sebagian besar kegiatannya dalam kelompok tersebut
Sedang politik pun memiliki makna yang cukup beragam, ada yang menyebut :
Seni dan ilmu pemerintahan
Ilmu tentang negara
Ilmu tentang pembagian kekuasaan
Perilaku manusia dalam mendapatkan kekuasaan
Perilaku manusia dalam menjalankan kekuasaan
Perilaku manusia dalam mempertahankan kekuasaan
Berdasarkan pengertian diatas, makna dari masyarakat politik adalah suatu organisasi manusia yang saling berhubungan antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya, khususnya terkait dengan masalah politik, yaitu perilaku untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan, menjalankan kekuasaan, dan mempertahankan kekuasaan.
Dari Pengertian masing-masing masyarakat dan politik, maka masyarakat politik mempunyai
kriteria sebagai berikut :
Adanya jaminan HAM, termasuk hak asasi dibidang politik
Adanya peran serta rakyat dalam pemerintahan
Adanya negara yang merupakan organisasi tinggi yang didalamnya terdapat pemerintahan yang berdaulat. Terbentuknya negara karena adanya kesepakatan bersama
Adanya aturan-aturan yang telah dibuat dan disepakati bersama
Adanya pemegang kekuasaan yang telah diberi mandat oleh masyarakat
Adanya pendidikan politik, agar rakyat dapat berpartisipasi dalam pemerintahan atau rakyat dapat menjalankan hak dan kewajibannya sebagai warga negara
Adanya kontak sosial dari masyarakat, supaya tidak terjadi penyelewengan terhadap peraturan-peraturan yang telah disepakati
C. Dinamika Politik Indonesia
Partai politik merupakan salah satu wujud partisipasi masyarakat dalam mengembangkan kehidupan demokrasi yang menjunjung tinggi kebebasan, kesetaraan kebersamaan dan kejujuran.
Kajian tentang politik sementara ini dihadapkan pada realita kehidupan organisasi negara (pemerintahan) karena jalan organisasi negara selalu diwarnai dengan aktivitas politik untuk mengatur kehidupan negara, proses pencapaian tujuan negara, dan melaksanakan tujuan negara sebaik-baiknya.
Untuk itu permasalahan politik sesungguhnya lebih terfokus pada kekuasaan. Untuk mencapai tingkat kekuasaan tertentu, diperlukan partai politik sebagai sarananya. Sebelum membahas pengertian partai politik, kita harus mengetahui terlebih dahulu :
1. Pengertian Politik
Politik berasal dari bahasa Yunani “Polis” yang berarti kota, kemudian berkembang menjadi “politics” yang berarti warga negara dan “politicos” yang berarti kewarganegaraan. Dalam bermasyarakat politik dibedakan menjadi politik teori dan politik praktis
a. Politik teori adalah keseluruhan asas dan ciri khas dari negara (secara umum) tanpa membahas pelaksanaan asas-asas tersebut
b. Politik praktis yaitu mempelajari negara sebagai suatu lembaga yang dinamis mengikuti perkembangan jaman sesuai kesepakatan sesame.
2. Pengertian Partai Politik
Belum ada kesamaan pandangan mengenai partai politik (parpol) di kalangan pakar ketatanegaraan atau politik. Namun sebagai gambaran dapat dilihat beberapa pendapat seperti berikut ini :
a. Prof. Miriam Budiarjo
Partai politik adalah organisasi atau golongan yang berusaha untuk memperoleh dan menggunakan kekuasaan
b. Prof. E.M. Said
Partai politik adalah suatu kelompok orang yang terorganisasi serta berusaha untuk mengendalikan, baik kebijaksanaan pemerintah maupun pegawai negeri
c. Carl J. Friedrich
Partai politik adalah sekelompok orang yang terorganisasi secara stabil dengan tujuan merebut atau mempertahankan penguasaan terhadap pemerintah bagi pimpinan partainya sehingga penguasaan itu memberikan manfaat kepada anggota partainya baik yang bersifat ideal maupun material.
3. Fungsi Partai Politik
Partai politik berfungsi sebagai sarana :
a. Pendidikan politik yaitu pendidikan bagi anggotanya dan masyarakat luas agar menjadi Warga Negara Republik Indonesia (WNRI) yang sadar akan hak dan kewajibannya dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara.
b. Menciptakan iklim yang kondusif serta sebagai perekat persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa untuk mensejahterakan masyarakat.
c. Penyerap, penghimpun dan penyalur aspirasi politik masyarakat secara konstitusional dalam merumuskan dan menetapkan kebijakan negara.
d. Rekruitmen (penerimaan) politik dalam proses pengisian jabatan politik melalui mekanisme demokrasi dengan memperhatikan kesetaraan dan keadilan gender (pria/wanita).
e. Partisipasi politik warga negara, yaitu sebagai sarana untuk ikut dalam menentukan dan memperjuangkan kepentingan anggota masyarakat, bangsa dan negara.
4. Sistem Kepartaian
Menurut Maurig Duverger, dalam buku political parties, sistem kepartaian dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, yaitu :
a. Sistem satu partai/partai tunggal (one party system)
Negara hanya membenarkan adanya satu partai politik. Contoh : dalam negara komunis hanya diperbolehkan satu partai politik yaitu partai komunis negara.
b. Sistem dua partai (two party system)
Apabila dalam negara terdapat dua partai politik yang populer dan mendominasi kehidupan kepartaian dalam negara. Partai yang menang mendominasi kursi dalam lembaga pemerintahan, yang kalah menjadi pihak oposisi. Sistem ini umumnya terjadi di negara liberal.
c. Sistem multipartai (multiparty system)
Apabila dalam negara banyak terdapat partai politik atau lebih dari dua partai politik dalam negara. Hal ini terjadi karena terdapat keanekaragaman dalam komposisi masyarakat yang cenderung membentuk partai politik yang berbeda. Misalnya, parpol dengan visi agama, nasionalis, kelompok profesi, netral atau terbuka untuk semua visi.
5. Bagaimanakah Dinamika Politik di Indonesia ?
Dinamika politik di Indonesia dibagi menjadi empat periode :`
1. Periode Demokrasi Liberal (tahun 1945 – 1959)
Dalam periode ini berlaku 3 konstitusi yaitu UUD 1945, KRIS 1945, dan UUD 1950.
a. Masa berlakunya UUD 1945 (Periode I : 18-8-1945 sampai 27-12-1949)
Sistem kabinetnya presidensil (pasal 17 UUD 1945). Tidak berlangsung lama, karena adanya maklumat pemerintah 14 November 1945 yang berisi supaya presiden bertanggung jawab kepada KNIP (berfungsi sebagai badan legislatif, sehingga kabinetnya parlementer)
Pada sistem kabinet parlementer masa ini banyak terjadi pergantian kabinet, yaitu :
Kabinet presidensil yang dipimpin Soekarno-Hatta. Selanjutnya kabinet parlementer
Kabinet Syahrir I
Kabinet Syahrir II
Kabinet Syahrir III
Kabinet Amin Syarifuddin I
Kabinet Amin Syarifuddin II
Kabinet Hatta I
Kabinet Darurat ( Mr. Syafrudin Prawiranegara)
Kabinet Hatta II
Berdasarkan maklumat pemerintah 3 November 1945 partai politik mulai berkembang, tetapi lebih mementingkan parpolnya daripada rakyat, sehingga sering mendapat misi tidak percaya dari parlemen, akibatnya kabinet jatuh bangun.
b. Dinamika politik masa KRIS (27 Desember 1949 sampai 17 Agustus 1950)
Bentuk negara serikat dan kabinetnya parlementer. Dalam pemerintahannya meletakan hubungan pusat dan daerah seperti hubungan pemerintah pusat dengan negara bagian. Parlemen terdiri dari 2 badan (bikameral) yaitu senat (mewakili negara bagian) dan DPR. Pada masa KRIS dibagi menjadi 16 negara bagian, yang pada akhirnya negara-negara bagian tersebut menggabungkan diri sehingga menjadi 3 negara bagian yaitu :
Negara Republik Indonesia (NRI)
Negara Indonesia Timur (NIT)
Negara Sumatera Timur (NST)
Yang pada akhirnya bergabung menjadi negara kesatuan.
c. Pada masa UUD’S tahun 1950 (17 Agustus 1950 – 5 Juli 1959)
Bentuk negara kesatuan, sistem kabinet parlementer. Berdasarkan maklumat pemerintah tanggal 3 November 1945, maka banyak berdiri partai politik yaitu sekitar 28 partai. Pelaksanaan pemilu tahun 1955 diadakan 2 kali, yaitu :
Pemilu I, 19 September 1955 untuk memilih anggota parlemen (DPR)
Pemilu II, 15 Desember 1955 untuk memilih anggota konstituante.
Badan Konstituante bertugas membentuk UUD yang baru, tetapi dalam menjalankan tugasnya tidak pernah membuahkan hasil, padahal negara dalam keaadan yang memprihatinkan. Kemudian Presiden Soekarno mengusulkan supaya kembali ke UUD 1945. Usul ini mendapat 2 tanggapan, kelompok I mau kembali ke UUD 1945, tetapi Pancasilanya seperti dalam piagam Jakarta. Kelompok II setuju Kembali ke UUD 1945 sepenuhnya.
Akhirnya diadakan pemungutan suara, dengan kuorum rapat 2/3 dari jumlah anggota harus hadir, dan putusan didukung sekurang-kurangnya 2/3 dari anggota yang hadir yang memenuhi kuorum.
Putusan ini tidak pernah tercapai dan akhirnya kuorum rapatpun tidak tercapai. Bahkan sebagian anggota menyatakan tidak akan datang dalam sidang yang akan datang. Demi persatuan, kesatuan dan stabilitas nasional, Presiden mengeluarkan “Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959” yang berisi :
Pembubaran Badan konstituante
Berlakunya kembali UUD 1945
Pembentukan MPRS dan DPAS
Kegagalan badan konstituante disebabkan parpol-parpol lebih mementingkan kepentingan parpolnya daripada kepentingan bangsa dan negara. Partai-partai melalui parlemen seringkali menjatuhkan mosi tidak percaya kepada kabinet, sehingga kabinetnya jatuh bangun. Walaupun sudah diadakannya pemilu, namun segala bidang kehidupan terjadi instabilitas. Dengan keluarnya Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959 ini telah mengakhiri sistem politik liberal yang kemudian diganti dengan sistem demokrasi terpimpin dan berlakunya kembali UUD 1945.
d. Periode Demokrasi Terpimpin/Masa Orde Lama (5 Juli 1959-11 Maret 1966 dengan UUD 1945)
Berdasarkan pasal 1 ayat 1 UUD 1945, bentuk negara “kesatuan” sistem kabinetnya presidensiil. Pada masa Orde lama banyak sekali terjadi penyimpangan terhadap alat pemersatu, jika bangsa Indonesia sudah bersatu maka Pancasila tidak berfungsi lagi, yang menurut PKI akan digantikan dengan faham komunisme. Pancasila tidak diamalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, lembaga-lembaga tidak berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Asas demokrasi menurut UUD 1945 yang seharusnya berdasarkan musyawarah mufakat diganti dengan demokrasi terpimpin yang berakibat terjadinya kultus individu. Pilar-pilar demokrasi dan kehidupan kepartaian serta legislatif menjadi lemah sedangkan kekuasaan eksekutif (presiden) menjadi sangat kuat.
Sebagai contoh DPR hasil pemilu tahun 1955 dibudarkan presiden karena tidak menyetujui RAPBN yang diajukan presiden dan sebagai gantinya presiden mengangkat DPRGR.
MPRS dan DPRGR yang seluruh anggotanya diangkat oleh presiden yang seharusnya berada diatas presiden, tetapi selalu tunduk pada presiden. MPRS mengangkat Soekarno sebagai presiden seumur hidup, yang dikukuhkan dalam Tap MPRS No. III/MPRS/1966. Puncak penyimpang adalah terjadinya pemberontakan G 30 S/PKI, akhirnya terjadi krisis politik, yaitu terjadinya instabilitas nasional juga adanya demonstrasi mahasiswa yang menuntut TRITURA yaitu :
Pembubaran PKI
Besihkan kabinet Dwikora dari PKI
Turunkan harga
Yang akhirnya muncul Supersemar pada tanggal 11 Maret 1966
e. Masa Orde Baru (11 Maret 1966 – 21 Mei 1998) dengan UUD 1945
Pemerintah orde baru adalah pemerintah yang menegakkan negara kesatuan RI berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945 secara murnidan konsekuen. Orde baru lahir sejak dikeluarkan SUPERSEMAR, dari presiden Soekarno kepada Letnan Jendral Soeharto untuk mengambil tindakan yang dianggap perlu demi keamanan, keselamatan rakyat, bangsa dan NKRI.
Dalam bidang ketatanegaraan banyak ditempuh upaya-upaya konstitusional.
Diantaranya dengan dilaksanakan pemilu I.
- Berdasarkan UU No. 15 / 1969
- Dilaksanakan pada tanggal 3 Juli 1971
- Diikuti 10 organisasi peserta partai politik, diantaranya :
1) Partai Katholik
2) PSII
3) NU
4) Parmusi
5) Golkar
6) Parkindo
7) Murba
8) PNI
9) Perti
10) PKI
- Jumlah anggota DPR = 460 (360 dipilih lewat pemilu, 25 diangkat presiden, 75 diangkat dari ABRI)
- Anggota MPR 920 yang terdiri dari anggota DPR, ABRI tidak memilih, diberi wakil di DPR
Pada Pemilu ke-2 terjadi parpol yang se-ideologi, yaitu :
- PPP berdiri tanggal 5 Januari 1973, yang merupakan fusi dari NU, Parmusi,Perti dan PSII
- PDI berdiri tanggal 10 Januari 1973, yang merupakan fusi dari PNI, IPKI, Murba, Partai Katholik dan Perkindo
- Golkar berdiri tanggal 20 Oktober 1964, yang merupakan golongan fungsional yang terdiri dari buruh, pegawai, tani, pengusaha nasional, alim ulama, Angkatan 45 dan Angkatan 66
Penyederhanaan organisasi peserta politik (OPP) dari 9 parpol menjadi 2 parpol dan 1 Golkar diatur dalam UU No. 3 / 1975 dan harus berasaskan Pancasila (asas tunggal). Sejak pemilu tahun 1871 sampai tahun 1997 diikuti 3 OPP yaitu PPP, PDI, dan Golkar. Selama orde baru, Golkar selalu memperoleh suara mayoritas (menang mutlak). Dengan kemenangan Golkar, presiden Soeharto kedudukannya menjadi kuat.
Untuk mempertahankan posisinya, membangun kekuasaannya dengan 3 pilar utama, yaitu : ABRI, Golkar dan birokrasi, dengan membatasi hak-hak politik rakyat dengan alasan stabilitas keamanan.
Kontra DPR hampir tak pernah ada, sedangkan posisi yang kuat adalah eksekutif, kebebasan pers selalu dibayang-banyangi oleh pencabutan SIUP. Pada masa ini banyak terjadi KKN, namun berhasil dalam melaksanakan pembangunan ekonomi, yaitu dengan meningkatnya pendapatan perkapita dan pembangunan sarana dan prasarana fisik. Tetapi dalam pembangunan mental dan budaya terjadi kemerosotan, sehingga terjadi KKN yang semakin meluas dan akhirnya terjadi krisis kepercayaan. Dalam bidang politik, krisis kepercayaan dibuktikan dengan adanya ujuk rasa yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa, dosen, pelajar, LSM dan politisi yang menurut presiden Soeharto mundur dan menyuarakan “Reformasi”. Karena tidak mendapat dukungan dari rakyat akhirnya pada tanggal 21 Mei 1998, Presiden Soeharto menyatakan mengundurkan diri dan sebagai penggantinya wakil presiden B.J Habibie.
f. Periode Reformasi (21 Mei 1998 sampai sekarang)
Periode ini dimulai sejak lengsernya Presiden Soeharto dari jabatan presiden. Pada masa pemerintahan presiden Soeharto terjadi krisis kepercayaan baik terhadap pemerintahan maupun DPR. Maka MPR mengadakan sidang istimewa tahun 1998. Hasilnya antara lain : Tap MP No. XV/MPR/1998 yang mengatur pemiludan Tap MPR No. XVII/MPR/1998 tentang HAM. Setelah adanya sidang istimewa tahun 1998 terjadi reformasi dibidang politik antara lain :
Adanya UU No. 2 /1999 tentang partai politik dan UU No. 31/2002 memberikan kebebasan berdirinya parpol-parpol baru, pemilu tahun 1999 diikuti oleh 48 parpol dan pemilu tahun 2004 diikuti oleh 24 parpol. Asas parpol bebas asal tidak bertentangan dengan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.
Untuk melaksanakan Tap MPR No. XV/MPR/
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